The taste of the nation

Dr Verghese Kurian, the legend and the father of the “White Revolution”, and founder chairman of the National Dairy Development Board, died in the wee hours on Sunday at the Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital in neighbouring Nadiad near Anand. He was briefly ill and was 92.

Kurian, is known as the architect of “Operation Flood” which heralded a new era for milk cooperatives in the country. He has catapulted the country from a milk-deficit nation in 1970’s to the front running milk harvesters of the world.He made the the milkman a key player in nation building.

President Pranab Mukherjee expressed grief at the demise of Kurian and hailed him as the one who made enormous contribution to the fields of agriculture, rural development and dairy.

Mr.Kuryan has struck the code with the the Ghandhian philosophy that India lives in the villages and glued technology to innovate the nation. The revolution epitomized how the will and insight of a man could transform the lifestyle of the nation. Amul is not just a brand name for India. It is a great icon for the country. The Kurian model, transformed the nation in to the highest Milk producing nation in the world , not only serves something to be emulated by the entrepreneurs and the govt officials ,but is a model to the society and the future generations to come.

He is one of the greatest proponents of Anand model of co-operative movement in the world. He has founded around 30 institutions of excellence (like AMUL,GCMMF,IRMA,NDDB etc). He is the messiah to millions of modest milkmen whom he empowered and disentangled from predatory brokers by founding the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF).

Known as Amul Kuryan he spent his whole official life to empower the marginal peasants through cooperative endeavours . His professional life was dedicated to empower the Indian farmers through co-operatives. He presented the milky co-operative model to the whole world.

He was known as milkman of India and many a laurels came in his way. He was awarded the PadmaSree in 1965 an PadmaBhushan in 1966.He was bestowed with Padmavibhushan in 1999. Apart from that he was also accorded with Magsasey ,Karnegi Wattler award for world peace.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Vice President Hamid Ansari also expressed their condolences on his death.

Terming him as an icon of Indian co-operative movement and dairy industry, Dr Singh said that in his long and illustrious career, Dr Kurien set up the Anand model of co-operative dairy development and engineered the white revolution.

It was a mass pilgrimage to his residence to condole the bereaved family , from all walks of life in the society. The funeral was thronged by thousands unperturbed with the torrential rain.

Though a born-again atheist but a Syrian Christian from Kerala by birth he lived and died as a Gujarathee. The funeral was conducted in Gujarathee rituals. He was born in Kozhikkode in Malabar in the year 1921 ,a small-town-that-time , and graduated from Layola college in Phisics.He took degree in Mechanical engineering from Madras University.He obtained a scholarship to study diary engineering and underwent a specialised training at the Imperial institute of animal husbandry in Bangalore. He has done his post graduation in Metallurgical engineering from Michigan state University America with dairy engineering as a subsidiary subject. He was bond committed to the government of India which had funded his higher education. He came to Anand in May 1949 to join as a diary Engineer in the government Creamery in Anand. Kuryan reengineered the milk society begun at Anand under the auspices and instigation of Sardar Patel, Morargi Desai and the local peasant leader Thribhuvan Das Patel who was the then Chairman of Kaira District Co-operative Milk producers Union,popularly known as Amul. This experiment has lead to the formation of the National Diary Development Board ,The Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Society and similar enterprises in North India. His achievements with the GCMMF led Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri to appoint him founder-chairman of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in 1965, to replicate the successes on a nationwide scale. A few years later, the NDDB under Kurian launched Operation Flood (or the White Revolution)—the largest dairy development program in the world. Operation Flood helped India become the world's largest milk producer. In 2010–11, India's contributed close to 17 percent of the global production.

Mr.Kuryan transformed the two milk societies which started with collecting 247 litres of Milk in to a world class enterprises. It was miraculous. Amul became the most prominent brand name in India. Kurian converted his ‘billion litre’ dream of making India self-reliant in milk and dairy produce to a tangible reality. Seventy-two thousand milk cooperatives were formed ,making Amul the house hold name in the process. Despite a splurge of criticisms like ‘faulty lactometers’ and ‘white lie’, the magic of Manthan endured. Today Amul has a turnover of 10000 crores. 3.2 million of Milk producers in 16100 villages in the 15 districts of Gujarath are its members.The countrys milk production has shot up from a mere 20 million metric (MMT)tonnes per annum in 1960 to a whopping 122MMT last year.

Kurian was mentioned by the Ashoka Foundation as one of the eminent present Day Social Entrepreneurs. Kurian's life story is chronicled in his memoir ‘I Too Had a dream’ in line with Martin Luther King. The dream was to uplift the rural life. Kuryan won the fight. It was the climax of an enduring fight,a crusade to emancipate the rural India from poverty and destitution and from the exploitation of milk monopoly like Polson Diary.

.Mandhan the famous celluloid creation from Benagal was the story of the triumph of peasants who contributed Rs.2 each for the creation of the co-operative society.

The Kurian story re-establishes the fact that sincere efforts coupled with modernisation can win the battle of the market. The full hearted devotion with incorrupt means only can uplift the rural India.

Mr.Kurian's 90th birthday was celebrated in a big way at his residence in Anand by the GCMMF on November 26, last year.

He is survived by his wife, one daughter Nirmala Kurian and a grandson, Siddharth. .He was cremated at ‘Kailash Bhumi,’ Anand’s ultra-modern crematorium.

He was truly the taste of India.

A giant leep for mankind

             The legendary US astronaut described himself as a "white-socks, pocket-protector, nerdy engineer."-the first human to set foot on the moon- Neil Armstrong, has died following complications from a cardiovascular surgery. Armstrong underwent cardiac bypass surgery earlier this month in Cincinnati, for  blockages in his coronary .He had celebrated his birthday on Aug 5.

                 Giving accolades to Armstrong as a "reluctant American hero" his family said :"We are heartbroken to share the news that Neil Armstrong has passed away.Neil was our loving husband, father, grandfather, brother and friend."

“That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind,” Planting his feet on the lunar surface ,he radioed back these words which remain immortalized in the history of the most gorgeous quotes scripted in any language over the world.

This was the most daring and “a tender moment” of the 20th century’s scientific expeditions where “he delivered a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten.

Unlike other hard-partying matinee idols -astronauts of the time-Armstrong was "a spiritual neuter." He did not revel in his accomplishment. He believed that a man should be recognized not for one piece of fireworks but for the ledger of our daily work . Like an avadhootha he said " We're required to do these things just as salmon swim upstream." .He remained largely retreated from the limelight to the tranquility of his 19th-century farmhouse. He raised cattle and corn and enjoyed his grandchildren ,shying away from the press-men.

As commander of the Apollo 11 mission Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the rock-strewn plain near the south-western shore of the Sea of Tranquility with his fellow astronaut Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin following, on July 20, 1969. Apollo 11 took four days to complete the nearly 250,000-mile (400,000 kms) journey. The moonwalk in the fine and powdery surface where lunar gravity is one sixth that of Earth’s, lasted two hours and 19 minutes-collecting samples, conducting experiments and taking photographs while, Michael Collins, piloted the command ship in the orbit about 60 miles above. During two and a quarter hours on the surface, the two astronauts collected almost 48lb [21.75kg] of rock and soil samples and planted the US flag.

The Soviet-American space war that began on Oct. 4, 1957, with the launch of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik 1 culminated in the Apollo 11 mission. In the turbulent 60’s ,both domestically and internationally, President John F. Kennedy had committed the nation “to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth.” True to his words it was accomplished with more than five months to spare.

Armstrong was born Aug. 5, 1930, in the small town of Wapakoneta, on a farm in Ohio. His father was a state auditor and they moved every few years to a new Ohio town while Neil was growing up.He took his first airplane ride at age 6 and took a passion with aviation . He was licensed to fly at 16, before he got his driver's license.

                   He finished high school at Wapakoneta. He went to Purdue University as an engineering student on a Navy scholarship. His college years were interrupted by the Korean War, in which Mr. Armstrong was a Navy fighter pilot who flew 78 combat missions, He took his master's degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. Soon after his graduation, He married Janet , a student in home economics from Evanston whom he met earlier , in January 1956.The newlyweds moved to California, where Mr. Armstrong had been hired as an experimental test pilot for the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics, the forerunner of the NASA. They had two sons, Eric and Mark, who survive. A daughter, Karen, died of an inoperable brain tumor in 1962. The couple were divorced in 1994. In 1999, Mr. Armstrong married Carol Knight, a widow 15 years his junior. They lived in Indian Hill, a suburb of Cincinnati.

A veteran of the Korean War, he joined the Nasa astronaut corps in 1962. and his first space flight was as command pilot of the Gemini 8 mission in 1966. Apollo 11 was Armstrong's last trip to space, and he left NASA in 1971 to become a professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati. He kept a low profile after his astronaut years and remained heavily indoor.

His family called him “a reluctant hero who always believed he was just doing his job.”Aldrin said he and Armstrong were not prone to free exchanges of sentiment.

              Armstrong came out from the hermitage and waded into the public eye in 2010, voicing sharp disagreement with President Obama for cancelling NASA’s programme taking up moon sojourn.

He remained an advocate of aviation and exploration throughout his life and never lost his boyhood wonder of these pursuits,” his family said in the statement.

President Obama, in a statement from the White House, said, “Neil was among the greatest of American heroes.”

Amstrong believed that the important achievement of Apollo was a demonstration that humanity is not forever chained to this planet, and our visions go rather further than that, and our opportunities are unlimited.

The moonwalk ended several myths about the moon worship and also raised several eyebrows on its legitimacy.

"The next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink," the family said.

The roar of the ocean is still

              Professor Sukumar Azhikode who has been fighting cancer for over an year now ,died on the early hours of Tuesday ,the 24th of January 2012,at Amritha hospital following a brief spell of 45 days of hospitalisation.He has turned 85 on may 12.His mortal body was cremated at the historic crematory at Payyambalam near Kannur ,in deference to the wishes of his relatives, with full state honour.

             Azhikode was a literary critic, writer, philosopher, orator, teacher and journalist rolled into one and a conscious-keeper of our ages. His career as critic and orator spanned six decades.He has been the recipient of highest literary honours.His prominent work Thathwamasi (1984) had won him the Central Sahitya Akademi and the Kerala Sahithya Akademi awards and the prestigious Vayalar Award. His acclaimed works include Purogamanasahityavum Mattum, Mahatmavinte Margam, Aasaante Seethaakavyam, Guruvinte Dukham and Sankara Kurup Vimarshikkapedunnu.

The Hindu in the obituary said" An intellectual giant, a great humanist, a cultural guru, a committed secularist, a champion of human rights and a sentinel of social values, he gave expression to his ideals through more than 35 books, thousands of articles and countless orations — all laced with grace, dignity and humour. As a literary critic, he upheld the timeless values of the classics. His range was wide, ranging from Indian philosophy, Vedas and Upanishads to the subtly nuanced pure literary criticism. His writings on poetry gravitated towards sociological and cultural criticism. "

Sukumar azhikode was a multi-faceted intellectual property in the public domain whose tribe has steadily been getting effaced from Keralas socio-political and cultural space.

Azhikode was being revered as an erudite scholar and teacher who had extensive mastery over Indian mythology and philosophy.He was  an iconoclastic literary genius.He was a votary ,a disciple and last in the line of of those who continued the legacy of great social reformers like Vakbhatananda(1856-1928), Sree Narayana Guru and Mahatma Gandhi. He was a philosopher, an avaricious reader and a true Gandhian.Azhikode had been a pillar of intellectual vitality , a profound orator and philosopher in Kerala.An unparalleled academician and teacher, Azhikode had served as chairman of the National Book Trust (NBT) and as member of the executive councils of Kerala and Kendra Sahitya academy. Azhikode also edited a couple of dailies. He headed the Malayalam Department of Calicut University and later retired as its Pro-vice chancellor.

An ardent Gandhian till the end of his life, Azhikode was close to the Congress in his early life and in the 1960s he even unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha polls as its candidate. But later, he stood , a vehement critic of the congress as he thought that Congress was distancing from its vision.Towards the end he chose to bend towards the Left camp and wanted to be their mentor ,without compromising on his Gandhian convictions.

He embellished the Malayalam print with his prolific columns penchantly  airing his thoughts on varied issues of politics,social, and cultural with religious fervour and authority.He was well versed in Sanskrit and classical literature and had deep understanding of western philosophy and literature.He stood for the integration of the best from  the Oriental and Occidental cultures.

In 2007, Professor Sukumar Azhikode declined the Padma Shri award , as he rightfully felt that such awards were against the Constitution. “The Constitution says everyone should be treated as equal. Giving such honours at different levels, the State discriminates between people. I see the Padma Shri conferred on me as an opportunity to expose this discrimination,” he had said.

BalaChandran Vadakkedathu writes in Madhyamam."The invincible male presence that intervenes in Azhikodes speeches is 'Raman'.SriRaman is the most resplendent imagination in our hearts.Raman does not identify with any single religion or cult.Raman is the root of humanity."

He elucidates further on Azhikodes concept of Raman."Ghandhiji has never thought of Raman as historical entity, instead for him Raman was a myth.But Ghandhiji wanted to transcend this myth in to a consummate embodiment through his experiments with truthful life.Having overwhelmed with this idea Azhikode proclaims that ' Raman is universal'.His proclamation came in the wake of India being  tormented on the demolishment  of Babari Masjid and the Ayodhya imbroglio.'Who is Raman?He is the guardian and benefactor of the whole universe. Rama loved Ivan,Shabari Rakshsas,aborigins, birds and animals on this earth.Rama compassioned with those driven out to the peripheries.Azhikode says that Raman is referred to as 'Anandha Vardhanan' in Ramayana. Azhikode profusely rebuffed them who spew venom on the name of Raman."

He notes "Valmiki says that when others are in sorrow Raman is sad.Raman was ferried by an inferior cast Guha on to his journey in to the forests.The same Rama is making his hands as a pillion to Sitha.This Raman cannot live in political slogans.We are silent on the real Rama.But whenever the virtual or mirror frame comes in ,we pounce at its defense.The virtual always are meant for failure".

Azhikodes Raman is not a Rama of politics,not a Rama of religion.

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              Sri.V.G.Thampi a thinker and established writer says.
"To know a teacher is like touching a fire.Those who touch a true master will at once get transcended.He gets rived inside. The mender delivers another life to the life.Though a strict Ghandhiyan he was more influenced by Nehruvian ethics of legitimacy,secularism and democratisation of values.He revelled in the mood of an agitating youth rather than in a broody sacrificial,meditational and tranquil life of a saint.He remained apolitical so that he could not be institutionalised.The thunder of unpredictable and unexpected outbursts on the stage appealed and made the audience lively. He deliberately kept his speeches refilled with youthfulness."

Sri.V.J.Thampi further adds " Azhikode used to say that while on stage butterflies flutter inside him.The garden of words in him is the merchandise of the butterflies."

Azhikode's discourses were the torrents of words gushing out ,radiant with truth and bucolic humor.He was a man with a tough and hot self-righteousness.He could not bear a slightest dint to his fame.At times he let others to believe that he is overwhelmingly enjoying his publicity and charisma true to him.He with undaunted temerity points out that the Indian President will be in oblivion with in days when she passes away,but he will be remembered for years.

Azhikode was a great teacher and philosopher In his class room.He taught his pupils to pick out the best in them ,the best in them which they alone can do in this world. He taught them to face destiny with masculine strength and not to succumb and get vanquished unceremoniously.

His dreamt of a new Kerala ,a new India for which he toiled through out his life.

              There are few masters who have been so much loved,hated,adored and revered like Azhikode.He fought with his peers.He showed exemplary fortitude on the face of vilifications and rebuffs.He was loved by Keralites as a great teacher and philosopher with indomitable self esteem.But as with great men,Prof.M.K Sanu observes :"He could not take his potential to full fruition.Equally note worthy is the way he contradicted himself all through his life."

Azhikode opened his mind in an interview:" I had a prick of scruple in writing Thathwamasi.It was a book tobe digested by the scholars and the intelligentsia.That was a small sin.I cleanse myself by speaking to the ordinary men .This was done by Sri.Budha.He spoke in Pali." He adds: "These are only simple truths and not the jabbering of an arrogant".

He says his criticism is 'adhoc'.When an issue comes he criticises.He adds: "When there was arduous friendship between us ,I criticised Marar.When Mundassery and me were as thick as thieves ,I criticised him.Criticism is issue based."

The demise of Sukumar Azhikode has left an unimpeachable vacuum in Kerala's public space. He was a great writer, a focused critic, a voracious orator-an orator of extraordinary calibre.Sukumar Azhikode was a Bhishmacharya in the literary horizon of Kerala. He will be remembered as one of the greatest literary critics, philosophers and thinkers in India.

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Rumour, in this instance, did no more than justice to the truth; and over the sickbed many confidences were exchanged, and clouds that had been growing for years passed away in a few hours, and as fond mankind loves to hope, for ever.
(Tales and Fantasies by Stevenson, Robert)

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Steve jobs

Steven P. Jobs, the Apple Inc. chairman and co-founder who popularised the personal-computer industry , died on october 5th ,Wednesday at the age of 56.
Mr. Jobs battled  with  pancreatic cancer and in 2009 he underwent  a liver transplant. In August, he  stepped down as chief executive Apple.inc. "Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being," Mr. Cook the new CEO said in a letter to employees.

Mr.BillGates said"The world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come,"

 US President Barack Obama said  that "there may be no greater tribute to Steve's success than the fact that much of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented."

Mr. Jobs is survived by his wife, Laurene, and four children.Jobs married Laurene Powell  a Staford MBA student on March 18, 1991  with the no-frills ceremony being conducted by the Zen Buddhist monk Kobun Chino Otogawa. The couple have a son and two daughters. Jobs also has a daughter, Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan.

He turned Apple into the world's most valuable company with a market value of $350 billion.Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 338 US patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies.

Often he was critisized as being an  amplifier, a conduit of others' originality. But he knew how   to convert  raw ideas into concrete technological  marvells.He was a scientist,an an artistic innovator .

"Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose," Mr. Jobs said in a commencement speech at Stanford University in June 2005, almost a year after he was diagnosed with cancer.

Though Jobs co-founded Apple Computers in 1976, he was forced out as CEO in 1985. He returned to the position in 1997.

PERSONAL LIFE

The Jobs family

Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in the city of San Francisco. His biological mother was an under graduate student named Joanne Simpson, and his biological father was a  mathematics professor, a native Syrian named Abdulfattah John Jandali.

 Joanne his mother was  college educated, and she insisted that the future parents of her boy whom she putup for adoption be just as well educated. But it ended up that  Paul and Clara Jobs, a lower-middle class couple in the Bay Area was destined to  adopt the baby  under the firm condition that they later send him to college.

Paul and Clara called their son Steven Paul. They  moved to the Santa Clara county south of  Sanfransisco,California , later to be known as Silicon Valley. They adopted another baby, a girl called Patti, three years later in 1958.

Childhood

Steve was quite a turbulent child. He really didn’t care about school for some time —Fret with frequent bullying from  fellow kids,the Jobses moved to the  city of Los Altos, so that young Steve could go to Cupertino Junior High.

As Steve was growing up in Los Altos, he became increasingly curious about the world of electronics that filled his neighbors’ garages.When Steve reached Homestead High School, he was  enrolled in a popular electronics class. 

At Homestead, his friend Bill Fernandez introduced him to  Stephen Woznic(Woz) ,in  1969, when they were respectively 14 and 19. At the time, Woz was building a little computer board with Bill Fernandez that they called “the Cream Soda Computer”. Woz showed it to Steve, and expectedly  Steve was  interested.

After  finishing schoolling he was admitted  to the fancy Reed College, a private liberal arts college up in Oregon. The tuition at Reed was so expensive.Young Steve could not bear  the hardship his parents have  to endure ,he dropped out before Christmas.

It was at Reed that Steve started experimenting with Eastern mysticism.  One of his best friends at Reed was Dan Kottke, who shared his interests in such philosophies.

The following year, in 1974, Steve desperately needed money, so he got a job at Atari, the first video game company.   Atari's founder Nolan Bushnell  was a great inspiration for him to start Apple.While at  Atari, Steve and  friend from Reed, Dan Kottke went to India in search for enlightenment. They came back pretty disappointed, especially after they met a famous guru, Kairolie Baba, who, unlike what they expected, was a con man.After coming  back, he resumed his job at Atari. 

While Steve had been away in India , his geek friend Woz had been hired by Hewlett-Packard : a company full of passionate engineers just like Woz, where he could work on products for other engineers. Woz joined a computer hobbyists association called the Homebrew Computer Club. While keeping his job at HP,Woz came up with a powerful computer  which worked with a keyboard and screen, not one that flashed lights — and all with amazingly few chips.Woz showed his computer design to his friend Steve Jobs. Steve was impressed and  suggested to sell  them. He and Woz would assemble the computers themselves and sell the whole board at Homebrew meetings.Steve proposed  that they would name their company  Apple.Apple Computer was born.

The parts for the Apple cost $220.Steve and Woz also started selling the computer on their own on a retail price of $666.66 (a  simple calculation — a 33% margin).Apple I computers had a $25 microprocessor, the MOS 6502.Those rudimentary computers are  sold without a power supply, keyboard, display or case.

This was the start of Apple Computer and incorporated the company on April 1, 1976.

 Steve and his friend Dan Kottke were trying to sell the Apple I from their Apple Computer booth, while Woz was working on finishing the Apple II.The new company got ready to show off their product at the West Coast Computer Faire, a conference held in San Francisco in April 1977.Apple Computer received 300 orders for the Apple II on the show alone, twice as much as the total number of Apple I’s ever sold! It was all over the media, and its sales skyrocketed throughout 1978, 1979 and 1980. Apple II’s success was on a piece of software called VisiCalc — the first spreadsheet ever brought to market. VisiCalc worked only on the Apple II.  By the time of Apple's initial public offering in 1980 the company amassed $117 million in annual sales . The IPO instantly made Mr. Jobs a multimillionaire.

Finally, on December 12 1980, Apple went public.  It was the biggest public offering in American history since the Ford Motor Company in 1956! After the IPO, Steve Jobs was worth $217.5 million, $210 million more than the day before.

As Apple expanded, Mr. Jobs decided to bring in a more experienced manager to lead the company. He recruited John Sculley from PepsiCo Inc. to be Apple CEO in 1983,

Laurels came in Jobs way.

Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1984 with Steve Wozniak " 

 Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987

After Apple fell into a subsequent slump, a leadership struggle led to a board decision to back Mr. Sculley and fire Mr. Jobs two years later at the age of 30.

It is in Jan. 24, 1984, and a young Steve Jobs is standing at center stage, introducing to shareholders of Apple Computer Inc. the "insanely great" machine that he's certain will change the world: a beige plastic box called the Macintosh.

At first, the Mac was  a huge hit.  Throughout 1984, Macintosh stood as a cult  for American college students. Jobs attention centered around it. But it was hell  slow, as its processing power had difficulty handling the complex GUI. It was also a bit costly, selling for $2,500, a thousand more than the IBM PC it was supposed to compete with. But the biggest drawback was software:  Macintosh being a brand new platform, almost no program could run on it when it was launched, whereas a ton of applications were already available on the IBM PC platform.The company was still alive thanks only to Apple II sales.

There was increasing resentment building up against Steve Jobs at Apple. Even Woz left the company in February 1985.On September 17, Jobs announced his resignation from Apple.

Pixar animations

 So by early 1986, Jobs had  more than $100 million at his disposal after selling his shares .He waited for opportunities to invest.Steve agreed to pay the $10 million to Lucasfilm , and on January 30, Pixar was incorporated.  Pixar Animation Studios, went on to create a string of computer-animated film hits, such as "Toy Story." 

NEXT computers

When Steve Jobs launched the NeXT Computer in 1988, the industry has changed  radically. The years of 1991 to 1994 were the worst in Steve’s career.While Steve was fighting to make NeXT a viable business, a crucial event happened at his other company Pixar animations.

So Disney agreed to sign a contract with Pixar for a full feature film, made entirely with computers and in May 1991, the contract was signed. Steve negotiated for Pixar to make three movies and keep 12.5% of the revenues from ticket sales. Pixar was a way out for him.

Steve named  himself President and CEO of Pixar in February 1995. When Toy Story finally came out on November 22, it exceeded all the hopes that Pixar and Disney had put into it. It made $28 million in the Thanksgiving 3-day weekend alone, and eventually reached $160 million in US box-office receipts.

 On November 29, exactly one week after Toy Story had come out, Steve’s put Pixar public. The IPO benefited tremendously from the movie’s media coverage, and on opening day, the stock’s price jumped from $22 to $49. It became the biggest IPO of the year, beating even Netscape’s numbers. He was now a billionaire, worth almost $1.5 billion. It was ten times the money he had ever made at Apple in the early 1980s. 

Return to Apple

 Although Apple  made healthy profits from 1986 to 1995, computers using Intel chips and Microsoft software became increasingly dominant , Apple felt threatened by an emerging super-power in the computer business: Microsoft.in 1995, Microsoft launched Windows 95, which was the most successful GUI release in the history of personal computing. Almost every PC user upgraded and started using GUI en masse, while Apple lost its monopoly. Macintosh sales fell dramatically.The company was going downhill, failing to deliver new products on time and lagging behind in software development.

After his return  Apple was set into motion. In November 1996, the company was looking for a new operating system for its future Macs. 

In December 1996, Mr. Amelio was ousted and Mr. Jobs appointed interim CEO, a title that became permanent in January 2000. He  convinced the board of using his NeXTSTEP technology and to buy his company as well. Apple agreed to pay more than $400 million for NeXT .For Steeve joining Apple has fulfilled the spiritual reasons for starting NeXT. As part of the deal, Steve got 1.5 million Apple shares that he could not sell for a year, and was appointed “informal adviser” to CEO Gil Amelio.In 1997 July, the board of directors asked Steve Jobs to become the company’s new chairman and CEO. He declined.He was concerned about being CEO of two public companies at the same time — Pixar and Apple.

By 1997, Apple had racked up nearly $2 billion in losses in two years, its shares were at record low.The total losses under Amelio the then CEO amounted  to over $1 billion. 

One of Steve’s first decisions was to make a deal with market leader Microsoft. The deal in August 1997 at Boston included the end of all patent lawsuits, a promise to keep releasing Mac versions of Microsoft Office for five years in exchange of making Internet Explorer the default Web browser on the Mac, and a $150 million investment in Apple from Microsoft, in the form of non-voting shares.

Steve started working like crazy in that second half of 1997 to put Apple back on track.

Steve had brought a number of NeXT executives who  had remained faithful to him at Apple. 

The first product lines to be renovated by Steve Jobs were the pro products, Power Mac and PowerBook, which he unveiled in November 1997, only eleven months after he came back. 

Apple was back to profitability and by last quarter of 1997 , it had made a $45 million profit.

iMac

Steve unveiled the iMac on May 6 1998, at the Flint Center auditorium in Cupertino. It was the first mainstream computer with a radical design to offer USB connectivity, a technology developed by Intel that was almost inexistent in the PC space. The iMac was also the first personal computer  to have  a CD-ROM drive . Steve hated floppies.

The iMac proved one of Apple’s biggest hits, selling two million units in its first two years. But of course Steve Jobs didn’t stop there.

in July 1999, Steve unveiled the iBook at Macworld New York.During that same show, Apple also unveiled its first Wi-Fi product, the AirPort base station. Wireless connectivity was typical of an Apple innovation.AirPort clearly set the standard for the future of WiFi.

After two years as interim CEO, Steve Jobs completely turned Apple around. He restored the company’s public image, implemented a successful and focused new strategy, attracted software developers, and launched highly innovative and awe-inspiring products on the marketplace. 

First, after a little over three years of managing Apple, he became the company’s full-time CEO.Pixar was well managed by Ed Catmull and John Lasseter, and had released two successful movies sinceToy Story, A Bug’s Life and Toy Story 2. Jobes main role at Pixar was negotiating with Disney, which left him plenty of time to run Apple

Bac OS X

Mac OCX ,Apples new operating system ,innovated from neXTStep  was unvieled on March 24,2001.

iPod

But big hits followed. In 2001, Apple introduced the iPod, which transformed digital music players. Apple has more than 70% market share in the market.iPod was shipped in late October 2001.It had a hard drive which could store up to 5GB, or “a thousand songs in your pocket”, which was Apple’s tag-line for the new product.iPod is connected to Mac via FireWire, which was 30 times faster than typical USB MP3 player.

iPod was  acknowledged as “the walkman of the digital age”, as even Windows users either hacked it or moved to the Mac just so that they could use it.

 On October 16 2003, Steve Jobs introduced the company’s second app for Windows after   iTunes, “the best Windows app ever written”. As of January 2004, iPod was enjoying a 30% market share (by units sold), making it the leader of the portable music players market.

In 2004, Mr. Jobs had a surgery to remove a cancerous tumor from his pancreas.In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a canceroustumor in his pancreas.

at Macworld in January 2004, Steve unveiled the iPod mini, a smaller version of the iPod which came in colors and soon became the best selling MP3 player in the world. Exactly one year later, he introduced the iPod shuffle, a cheap, Flash version of the iPod.As of early 2006, Apple’s market share in the music player space was around 70% — it still is today. The company improved its product line every year, introducing the iPod nano in September 2005, and the iPod video the following month. Every year after that, the iPod line was refreshed every September.

iPhone

In June 2007, Mr. Jobs made another splash when Apple introduced the iPhone. 

The iPhone project started in 2003 — although rumors about such a product had circulated even before that, with the much-hyped Apple PDA, the ultimate digital device that would combine a phone, PDA, and iPod. Work on the iPhone really intensified by early 2006. Apple unveiled the iPhone to the world in 2007.

 On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business byFortune Magazine.

On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service.On January 14, 2009 Jobes announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009 to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who had previously acted as CEO in Jobs'  absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions.

In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.

On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune Magazine. In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010.

iPad

Then came the iPad, released in 2010, which changed the way people read newspapers and books, took notes, surfed the Internet, called each other on Skype and dealt with everyday practical problems thanks to hundreds of savvy applications.

iPad was a great success. Apple sold 7.5 million of them as of September 2010, representing close to 8% of its 2010 fiscal-year revenues (iPods amounted for 13%).

News of his death came a day after Apple unveiled its newest device, the iPhone 4S. 

Apple and Indian market

Apple had a poor show in indian market.

Apple shipped 62,043 iPhones to India in the quarter ending June 30, far  fewer than to Norway, Belgium or Israel, according to estimates by Framingham, Mass.-based researcher IDC.

Apple accounted for 2.6 per cent of India’s smartphone shipments in the quarter ended June 30, trailing RIM’s 15 per cent, Samsung Electronics’s 21 per cent and Nokia’s 46 per cent, IDC estimates.

The world’s largest maker of tablet computers also shipped about 21,150 iPads to India in the same period, or 0.2 per cent of its global total, according to IDC.

ADVERTISEMENT AND JOBS

"Think Different" ad campaign was made right after the return of Steve Jobs in  1997. The one-minute commercial featured black-and-white footage of 17 iconic men of the 20th century.

They were: Albert Einstein, Bob Dylan, Martin Luther King, Jr., Richard Branson, John Lennon (with Yoko Ono), Buckminster Fuller, Thomas Edison, Muhammad Ali, Ted Turner, Maria Callas, Mahatma Gandhi, Amelia Earhart, Alfred Hitchcock, Martha Graham, Jim Henson (with Kermit the Frog), Frank Lloyd Wright and Pablo Picasso.

The commercial ends with an image of a young girl opening her closed eyes, as if making a wish.

An Apple Ad:

“Here’s to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes… the ones who see things differently — they’re not fond of rules… You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them, but the only thing you can’t do is ignore them because they change things… they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do.”

 Jobs told Playboy Magazine  in 1985, that ad campaigns were only necessary because of competition.

“IBM's ads are everywhere,” he said in the interview. “But good PR educates people; that's all it is. You can't con people in this business. The products speak for themselves."

"It's really hard to design products by focus groups,” Jobs told Businessweek in a 1998 interview. “A lot of times, people don't know what they want until you show it to them."